Numerical simulations of the forced oscillation of a wire in Newtonian and shear-thinning fluids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Forced oscillations of a wire vibrating in Newtonian and shear-thinning fluids described by the Carreau model are studied numerically. Two-dimensional simulations were performed using a commercial finite element modeling software package. When subjected to a sinusoidal driving force, the wire exhibits resonant behavior that depends on the viscosity of the surrounding fluid. The simulations of the wire vibrating in a Newtonian fluid were extremely well described by the theory developed by Retsina et al. [“The theory of a vibrating-rod densimeter,” Appl. Sci. Res. 43, 127–158 (1986); “The theory of a vibrating-rod viscometer,” Appl. Sci. Res. 43, 325–346 (1987)]. Our simulations of a wire vibrating in a Carreau fluid also revealed resonant behavior, but the shear rate and viscosity in the fluid varied significantly in both space and time. The behavior of a wire vibrating in a Carreau fluid can be described by the Newtonian theory if the constant viscosity in that theory is set equal to the non-Newtonian fluid viscosity averaged spatially around the circumference of the wire and temporally over one period of oscillation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".