Numerical simulations of the forced oscillation of a wire in Newtonian and shear-thinning fluids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Forced oscillations of a wire vibrating in Newtonian and shear-thinning fluids described by the Carreau model are studied numerically. Two-dimensional simulations were performed using a commercial finite element modeling software package. When subjected to a sinusoidal driving force, the wire exhibits resonant behavior that depends on the viscosity of the surrounding fluid. The simulations of the wire vibrating in a Newtonian fluid were extremely well described by the theory developed by Retsina et al. [“The theory of a vibrating-rod densimeter,” Appl. Sci. Res. 43, 127–158 (1986); “The theory of a vibrating-rod viscometer,” Appl. Sci. Res. 43, 325–346 (1987)]. Our simulations of a wire vibrating in a Carreau fluid also revealed resonant behavior, but the shear rate and viscosity in the fluid varied significantly in both space and time. The behavior of a wire vibrating in a Carreau fluid can be described by the Newtonian theory if the constant viscosity in that theory is set equal to the non-Newtonian fluid viscosity averaged spatially around the circumference of the wire and temporally over one period of oscillation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".