Power-Silicon Efficient All-Digital △Σ TDC with Differential Gated Delay Line Time Integrator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents an all-digital 1st-order 1-bit ΔΣ time-to-digital converter (TDC). A single-step integration method is proposed to perform differential time integration using a bi-directional gated delay line (BDGDL) to reduce integration time. An in-depth investigation into the impact of process uncertainty on the TDC is provided. The TDC is designed in an IBM 130 nm 1.2 V CMOS technology and analyzed using Spectre with BSIM4 device models. The simulation results of the TDC with a 244 kHz sinusoidal input of amplitude 333 ps over frequency range from flicker noise corner frequency to 3rd-order harmonic frequency demonstrate that the TDC provides SNDR of 39.8 dB and time resolution of 4.2 ps while consuming 396.6 μW. The figure-of-merit (FOM) of the TDC is 3.6 pJ/step, better that of reported TDCs alike. The effect of process uncertainty on the TDC can be minimized by tuning the delay blocks of the TDC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".