English Phraseological Research on Until By/ Before Working as Complex Prepositions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This corpora-based study shows that until by and until before, which are newly observed phraseological units (PUs) in contemporary English, function as complex prepositions (CPs). As an interesting phenomenon of present-day English, two prepositions are put together with a single meaning. Specifically, the prepositions in and on co-occur with various other prepositions, and each resulting prepositional phrase becomes established as a new CP with a single meaning like in at or in on. The combinations until by and until before have not been widely acknowledged and have been regarded as mistakes in previous studies. This study shows the meanings of the two phrases, the process of their establishment as new CPs and the way they gained their new meanings. To this end, the study carries out the following research procedures: (i) showing the frequencies of until by and until before in corpora from the synchronic and diachronic perspectives; (ii) differentiating until by and until before by semantically and syntactically clear regarding how until by and until before are used in context; and (iii) showing the kinds of prepositions that are used with until to form PUs as well as CPs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".