A low‐cost multi‐channel software‐defined radio‐based NMR spectrometer and ultra‐affordable digital pulse programmer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In recent years, a new generation of software‐defined radio (SDR) products has emerged that are well suited for adaptation for NMR instrumentation. The software and hardware of a new NMR spectrometer console based upon an inexpensive SDR product are described. This device is provided with open‐source firmware and drivers which have allowed the customization of its behavior and optimization for use in NMR. In particular, these low‐level modifications have allowed for straightforward synchronization of multiple SDR boards with each other and with other devices. Control of other devices is facilitated by a new digital pulse programmer constructed using an inexpensive open‐source, widely available microcontroller platform. The strategy used for precise, reproducible synchronization of the different components is described in detail. Representative spectra are presented demonstrating both high‐resolution and wide‐line spectroscopy with spectral widths up to 50 MHz.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".