Mejora escolar, liderazgo y reforma sistémica: una retrospectiva (School improvement, leadership and systemic reform: a retrospective)

During the last four decades, the bases of research on effectiveness and school improvement have been gaining recognition at the international level. Both theoretically and empirically, they have matured through a wide range of well-documented and innovative projects in several countries. In general, these works focus on the successes and failures related to the different initiatives aimed at making schools more effective learning environments for all students. In the following article, the British researcher David Hopkins delivers evidence of the results of these efforts, summarized in five phases of development. He concludes by re?ecting on how these phases evolve and overlap, examines some myths that hinder school and systemic improvement and proposes some guidelines for future research.ResumoDurante as últimas quatro décadas, as bases da pesquisa sobre eficácia e melhora escolar vêm ganhando reconhecimento no plano internacional. Teórica e empiricamente, eles amadureceram através de uma ampla gama de projetos bem documentados e inovadores em vários países. Em geral, esses trabalhos enfocam os sucessos e fracassos relacionados às diferentes iniciativas que visam tornar as escolas ambientes de aprendizagem mais eficazes para todos os alunos. No seguinte artigo, o pesquisador britânico David Hopkins apresenta evidências dos resultados desses esforços, sintetizado em cinco fases de desenvolvimento. Ele conclui re?etindo sobre como essas fases evoluem e se sobrepõem, examina alguns mitos que impedem a melhora sistêmica escolar e propõe algumas diretrizes para pesquisas futuras.ResumenDurante las cuatro últimas décadas, las bases de la investigación sobre la efectividad y la mejora escolar han ido cobrando reconocimiento en el plano internacional. Tanto a nivel teórico como empírico, han madurado a través de una amplia gama de bien documentados e innovadores proyectos en varios países. Por lo general, estos trabajos se centran en los éxitos y fracasos relativos a las diferentes iniciativas tendientes a que las escuelas se transformen en entornos de aprendizaje más efectivos para todos los estudiantes. En el siguiente capítulo, el investigador británico David Hopkins entrega evidencia de los resultados de dichos esfuerzos, resumida en cinco fases de desarrollo. Concluye re?exionando sobre cómo dichas fases evolucionan y se superponen, examina algunos mitos que obstaculizan el mejoramiento escolar y sistémico y propone algunas orientaciones para futuras investigaciones.Keywords: School improvement, Leadership, Systemic reform, Learning.Palavras-chave: Melhora escolar, Liderança, Reforma Sistêmica, Aprendizagem.Palabras claves: Mejora escolar, Liderazgo, Reforma sistémica, Aprendizaje.ReferencesALSBURY, T. L.The future of school board governance: Relevancy and revelation. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Rowman & Littlefield Education, 2008.ANDERSON, S. (ed.) 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