A quarter of a century of fiscal responsibility: The origins and evolution of fiscal policy governance and institutional arrangements in New Zealand, 1994 to 2018.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The foundations for New Zealand’s current fiscal policy governance and institutional\narrangements were established nearly 25 years ago by the Fiscal Responsibility Act 1994\n(FRA). This Act placed an emphasis on fiscal principles and reporting provisions which\nwere regarded as world-leading fiscal reforms when first introduced. These fundamental\nreforms have been embraced by successive New Zealand governments, and in 2005 were\nincorporated into the Public Finance Act 1989. This paper traces the evolution of the\nprinciples and reporting provisions during the past quarter of a century in response to the\nfiscal challenges posed by intergenerational issues and population ageing, avoiding\nunsustainable government expenditure growth during economic booms, the coordination\nof fiscal and monetary policy, recognition of the economic and social importance of the\nGovernment’s balance sheet, and the demands for greater transparency in fiscal policy\ndecisions and performance. The paper concludes with a discussion of contemporary\nissues and challenges.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.015 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.009 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".