Kinematics of soil arching in piled embankments
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The transfer of embankment stresses towards pile heads in piled embankments is attributed to the mechanism known as soil arching. Three-dimensional physical models of piled embankments were built to simulate this mechanism. The progressive settlement of subsoil beneath an embankment was modelled and paused at increments of displacements to allow synchrotron X-ray computed tomography to be performed on the models. Image correlation techniques were then applied to the reconstructed volumes to obtain evolving three-dimensional displacement and strain fields. The strain fields show localised (shear bands) and diffuse failure modes occurring above pile heads within the embankment fill. These failure surfaces are seen to progressively develop as the subsoil undergoes settlement. The displacement fields also show the formation of a plane of equal settlement developing at a height above the pile heads, known as the critical height. The critical height is dependent on the height at which the failure surfaces propagate into the embankment fill, and a method is proposed to calculate the maximum height of failure surfaces based on the observed kinematics. The full-field kinematics provide fundamental insight into the soil arching mechanism that develops within piled embankments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".