All-Digital Delta-Sigma TDC with Differential Multipath Pre-Skewed Gated Delay Line Time Integrator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents an all-digital 1st-order 1-bit delta-sigma time-to-digital converter ( ΔΣ TDC) with a differential multipath pre-skewed bi-directional gated delay line (BDGDL) time integrator. Differential time integration is obtained by performing simultaneous left-shift and right-shift operations of the BDGDL. Pre-skewing is used to lower the per-stage delay and skew error of BDGDL. The time integrator features low power consumption accredited to the use of only one BDGDL to perform differential time integration, rapid time integration, full compatibility with technology, and built-in digitization. The TDC was designed in an IBM 130 nm 1.2 V CMOS technology and analyzed using Spectre from Cadence Design Systems with BSIM4 device models. A sinusoidal time input of 333 ps amplitude and 244 kHz frequency is digitized by the TDC. Simulation results show the TDC provides 39.7 dB SNDR, 6.5 ENOB, and 3.7 ps time resolution over frequency range from flicker noise corner frequency 32 kHz to 3rd harmonic frequency 732 kHz while consuming 407 μW. The FOM of the TDC is 3.2 Pj/step, outperforming that of reported TDCs alike.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".