Experimental investigation of dynamic asphaltene adsorption on calcite packs: The impact of single and mixed‐salt brine films
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this study, the dynamic adsorption of asphaltene on a calcite surface is investigated. This study investigates the effect of mixed‐salt brines on asphaltene adsorption. The results of this work can facilitate the understanding of the complex wettability behaviour of carbonate reservoirs. All experiments were performed in porous media, which were sand‐packs filled with calcite powder, to study the influence of the type and concentration of salt on adsorption. The experiments were conducted with asphaltene concentration of 500 mg/L for brines of NaCl, Na2SO4, and a mixture of the two at various ionic strengths. In addition, two tests were performed with an asphaltene concentration of 2000 mg/L to observe the effect of increasing the asphaltene concentration on the adsorption. Moreover, the impact of brine film on asphaltene adsorption was investigated by conducting an additional experiment without brine saturation. The results show that by increasing the ionic strength, asphaltene adsorption increased at first owing to the reduction of electrostatic forces, then it reached its maximum, and it finally decreased as a result of the rise in the hydration force. The results show that in the presence of Na2SO4 brine, the asphaltene adsorption is more than that of the NaCl brine. For the mixed‐salt brine, as the ionic strength was increased, the asphaltene adsorption decreased at first and then it became constant. Furthermore, quadrupling the initial asphaltene concentration increased the adsorption up to 3.4 times. Additionally, the presence of brine film reduced the asphaltene adsorption by ∼80 %.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".