Role of internal convection in respiratory gas transfer and aerobic metabolism in larval zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purely diffusive O2transport typically is insufficient to sustain aerobic metabolism in most multicellular organisms. In animals that are small enough, however, a high surface-to-volume ratio may allow passive diffusion alone to supply sufficient O2transfer. The purpose of this study was to explore the impacts of internal convection on respiratory gas transfer in a small complex organism, the larval zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that internal convection is required for the normal transfer of the respiratory gases O2and CO2and maintenance of resting aerobic metabolic rate in larvae at 4 days postfertilization (dpf). Morpholino knockdown of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or cardiac troponin T (TNNT2) proteins allowed an examination of gas transfer in two independent models lacking internal convection. With the use of a scanning micro-optrode technique to measure regional epithelial O2fluxes ( Jo2), it was demonstrated that larvae lacking convection exhibited reduced Jo2in regions spanning the head to the trunk. Moreover, the acute loss of internal convection caused by heart stoppage resulted in reduced rates of cutaneous Jo2, an effect that was reversed upon the restoration of internal convection. With the use of whole body respirometry, it was shown that loss of internal convection was associated with reduced resting rates of O2consumption and CO2excretion in larvae at 4 dpf. The results of these experiments clearly demonstrate that internal convection is required to maintain resting rates of respiratory gas transfer in larval zebrafish.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".