Worker’s health in the greenhouse environment: a systematic review of exposure to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Greenhouse agriculture is a challenging working environment where conditions such as containment, absence of weather elements, high humidity and heat can influence pesticide persistence and workers’ exposure. Organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CB) pesticides have been particularly associated with disorders of the nervous, endocrine and respiratory systems. This literature review assesses the epidemiological evidence of health effects in greenhouse workers exposed to OP and CB pesticides and identifies research gaps and needs. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using Pubmed and Web of Science. The search was limited to epidemiological studies on health outcomes with exposure assessment, published in English or French. Descriptive studies, exposure assessment only or method validation articles were excluded. Results: Twenty two articles met the selection criteria. Of those, 3 were longitudinal (5-11 years), 5 had a pre-post exposure design, and 14 were cross-sectional. Plasmatic esterases inhibition or neurological deficits were the outcome in 10 of the studies. Exposure was assessed with urinary metabolites in 4 studies and with a detailed work history in 14. One third of the papers did not control for any confounding variables in the statistical analyses. Only one study reported environmental parameters (temperature). Conclusions: Several research gaps were identified. Exposure assessment methods often lacked precision or were not always chosen according to the outcome of interest, especially when evaluating health effects resulting from long term exposure. There was a lot of heterogeneity in outcome measurements as well. Potential confounding and risk factors, such as past acute poisoning, spouse occupation, and co-exposures, need to be addressed more carefully. Finally, greenhouse environment parameters that may influence workers’ exposure (temperature, ventilation, humidity, use of protective equipment) should be thoroughly recorded.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.007 | 0.007 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.013 | 0.013 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".