Worker’s health in the greenhouse environment: a systematic review of exposure to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction: Greenhouse agriculture is a challenging working environment where conditions such as containment, absence of weather elements, high humidity and heat can influence pesticide persistence and workers’ exposure. Organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CB) pesticides have been particularly associated with disorders of the nervous, endocrine and respiratory systems. This literature review assesses the epidemiological evidence of health effects in greenhouse workers exposed to OP and CB pesticides and identifies research gaps and needs. Methods: A systematic review was conducted using Pubmed and Web of Science. The search was limited to epidemiological studies on health outcomes with exposure assessment, published in English or French. Descriptive studies, exposure assessment only or method validation articles were excluded. Results: Twenty two articles met the selection criteria. Of those, 3 were longitudinal (5-11 years), 5 had a pre-post exposure design, and 14 were cross-sectional. Plasmatic esterases inhibition or neurological deficits were the outcome in 10 of the studies. Exposure was assessed with urinary metabolites in 4 studies and with a detailed work history in 14. One third of the papers did not control for any confounding variables in the statistical analyses. Only one study reported environmental parameters (temperature). Conclusions: Several research gaps were identified. Exposure assessment methods often lacked precision or were not always chosen according to the outcome of interest, especially when evaluating health effects resulting from long term exposure. There was a lot of heterogeneity in outcome measurements as well. Potential confounding and risk factors, such as past acute poisoning, spouse occupation, and co-exposures, need to be addressed more carefully. Finally, greenhouse environment parameters that may influence workers’ exposure (temperature, ventilation, humidity, use of protective equipment) should be thoroughly recorded.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it