Smelter emissions deposited in the environment around the Horne smelter, Quebec: comparison of regional snow, peat, soil, and lake-sediment and lake-water surveys
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Regional patterns in the concentration of smelter-emitted metals in snow, the surfaces of ombotrophic peat hummocks, the humus horizon of soil, lake water, and lake sediment around the copper smelter at Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, are generally similar. They are all approximately circular, centred on the smelter, and elongated somewhat toward the east due to the prevailing wind directions. Typically, the footprint extends on average about 65 km from the smelter, perhaps 5 kmmore than this toward the east and 5 kmless toward the west. The pattern is anisotropic, but weakly so. The ratio of (Cu+As)/(Al+Fe) is a useful indicator for source apportionment. The value of the ratio, which changes as a function of distance from the smelter, reflects the mixing and dilution of emissions with non-smelter dust and aerosols. Snow and peat measurements allow the deposition rates of metal (mass/unit area/time) to be modelled as a function of distance from the smelter, and the integration of this model over a radial area permits the determination of metal tonnages in the smelter-centred anomaly. The proportions of emissions accounted for within 150 km of the smelter are as follows: Cu, 25 to 50%; Pb, 10 to 20%; Zn, 25%; As, 5%; and Cd, 20 to 25%. Metals in excess of these proportions are likely transported outside the immediate smelter footprint and beyond 150 km, but deposition of smelter-emitted metals becomes so small and so mixed with metals from other sources that it impossible, from these data, to discriminate between smelter and non-smelter sources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".