Geochemistry of snow around the copper smelter at Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec: comparison of 1998 and 2001 surveys
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two snow surveys were conducted (1998 and 2001) in the region surrounding the copper smelter at Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec. Total loading rates of metals per year (ng/cm²/a) were determined for a large suite of elements, of which 13 (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Sb, S, Ag, Ni, Al, Mg, Fe, Mn) are reported on here. The spatial distributions of loading rates of smelter-derived metals from both survey years show a bull's-eye pattern centred on the smelter, skewed northeast and southeast of the smelter as a consequence of the prevailing wind directions. Most element patterns can be divided into two parts, a proximal part close to the smelter with high loading rates dominated by deposition of smelter-emitted metals and a distal part in which loading rates approach an ambient background level and metals are predominantly from non-smelter sources. The radius of the area obviously affected by metal emissions is usually about 50 km. The differences in deposition rates for smelter-derived metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Cd) between the two sampling years may be explained in part by changes in reported emissions between 1998 and 2001. All samples were thawed and filtered. Dissolved and particulate fractions were analyzed separately. The proportion of total metal in dissolved form provides an indication of potential bioavailability. It differs among elements, between years for the same element (due to changes in filter size), and, for some elements, with distance from the smelter.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".