INDIGENOUS CHILDREN’S CHLORPYRIFOS EXPOSURE IN BANANA AND PLANTAIN COMMUNITIES IN TALAMANCA, COSTA RICA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and Aims: In Costa Rica, chlorpyrifos-treated plastic bags are used to protect the banana and plantain fruits from insects and to fulfil product standards. The aim of this study was to evaluate children’s exposure to chlorpyrifos in communities situated nearby banana and plantain farms in Costa Rica. Methods: The study was performed in three communities: in two, chlorpyrifos-treated bags were used in surrounding banana and plantain plantations whereas in the third community mostly not. In total, 140 children donated a urine sample of which forty on more than one occasion (n=207). TCPy levels were measured as a biomarker for chlorpyrifos exposure. Also environmental samples were taken. Results: Children from the banana and plantain community had higher TCPy levels in urine than children from the organic community, GM=2.6; 2.2 and 1.3, respectively. In the plantain community boys had higher levels than girls, GM=2.9 versus 1.5 μg/g creatinine, p=0.01, whereas in the other communities levels were similar for both sexes. Children from the banana community were more homogenous exposed that children from the plantain community. In the banana and plantain community, chlorpyrifos was detected in several environmental media, including children’s (n=12) hand and footwash samples. Median estimated values of the Absorbed Daily Dose of children from the banana and plantain community was five times the chronic US-EPA established reference doses (RfD). Conclusions: Children living in the vicinity of plantations that use chlorpyrifos-treated bags are being exposed and at risk for overexposure. Measures are required to reduce this exposure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".