Liquid-Phase Hydrogenation of Maleic Acid over Pd/Al2O3 Catalysts Prepared via Deposition–Precipitation Method
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Succinic acid (SA) is a valuable raw material obtained by hydrogenation of maleic acid (MA). The product selectivity of this reaction is highly dependent on the reaction conditions. This study therefore investigated the effect of the reaction temperature, hydrogen pressure, and reaction time on the liquid-phase hydrogenation of MA by a Pd/Al2O3 catalyst. Complete conversion of MA and 100% selectivity for SA were achieved at a temperature of 90 °C, H2 pressure of 5 bar, and reaction time of 90 min. Fumaric acid (FA) was formed as an intermediate material by hydrogenation of MA under nonoptimal conditions. The impact of the percentage of Pd dispersion and phase of the Al2O3 support (γ, θ + α, and α) was also examined. The Pd/Al2O3 catalyst with 29.8% dispersion of Pd and γ phase of Al2O3 exhibited the best catalytic performance. Thus, catalytic activity depends not only on the amount of Pd dispersion but also on the physicochemical properties of Al2O3.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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