Antimicrobial resistance profiles of 5 common bovine mastitis pathogens in large Chinese dairy herds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasing in human and animal pathogens, becoming a concern worldwide. However, prevalence and characteristics of AMR of bovine mastitis pathogens in large Chinese dairy herds are still unclear. Therefore, our objective was to determine the AMR profile of bacteria isolated from clinical mastitis in large (>500 cows) Chinese dairy herds. A total of 541 isolates of the 5 most common species, Staphylococcus aureus (n = 103), non-aureus staphylococci (NAS; n = 107), Streptococcus species (n = 101), Klebsiella species (n = 130), and Escherichia coli (n = 100), isolated from bovine clinical mastitis on 45 dairy farms located in 10 provinces of China were included. Presence of AMR was determined by minimum inhibitory concentrations using the microdilution method. Prevalence of multidrug resistance (resistance to >2 antimicrobials) was 27% (148/541). A very wide distribution of minimum inhibitory concentrations was screened in all isolates, including Staph. aureus isolates, which were resistant to penicillin (66%). In addition, NAS (30%) were more resistant than Staph. aureus to oxacillin (84%), penicillin (62%), tetracycline (34%), and clindamycin (33%). Prevalence of resistance to tetracycline was high (59%) in Streptococcus spp. Additionally, prevalence of resistance of both E. coli and Klebsiella spp. was high to amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium (81 and 38%, respectively), followed by tetracycline (only Klebsiella spp. 32%). A high proportion (27%) of isolates were multidrug resistant; the most frequent combinations were clindamycin-cefalexin-tetracycline or enrofloxacin-cefalexin-penicillin patterns for Staph. aureus; enrofloxacin-oxacillin-penicillin-tetracycline patterns for NAS; clindamycin-enrofloxacin-tetracycline patterns for Streptococcus spp.; amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium-ceftiofur-polymyxin B patterns for Klebsiella spp.; and amoxicillin/clavulanate potassium-ceftiofur-polymyxin B patterns for E. coli. Resistance for 4 kinds of antimicrobials highly critical for human medicine, including daptomycin, vancomycin, imipenem, and polymyxin B, ranged from 0 to 24%. In conclusion, prevalence of AMR in mastitis pathogens was high on large Chinese dairy farms, potentially jeopardizing both antimicrobial efficacy and public health. Results of this study highlighted the need for improvements in antimicrobial stewardship and infection control programs in large Chinese dairy farms to reduce emergence of AMR.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".