Sample "integrity" - an evaluation of sample variability of soils around Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A detailed soil sample collection grid was established 3 km southwest of the Horne smelter at Rouyn - Noranda, Quebec. The work supports interpretation of a regional geochemical survey of humus and soil within 100 km radius of the smelter and was designed to determine geochemical variability at a site affected by smelter particulate deposition. Soils in the grid are luvisols formed on glacial lake silts and clays and overly pillowed volcanic bedrock. Vegetation comprises small poplars and alders, with a fern ground cover; carbonized stumps and a thin layer of charcoal beneath humus indicate the site has been subject to fire. Litterfall, humus, and B-horizon soil samples were collected at 10, 20, and 30m from the intersection of two perpendicular transects and at a point halfway between the 30m sample locations. Three samples of each were collected at the point of intersection. C-horizon soil was collected at the intersection, the 30m sites, and halfway between the 30m sample locations In preparation for ICP-AES geochemical analyses, litterfall and humus samples were macerated, and all samples sieved to <2mm. The litterfall samples were digested using perchloric acid, and all other samples using aqua-regia. The B- and C-horizon soil samples were analysed in duplicate. A total of 48 analyses were carried out. Geochemical variation among litterfall, B-horizon, and C-horizon samples lies within the range of analytical variation, and trace metal concentrations (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr) are 10s to 100s of ppm. For non-smelter-related elements, such as Ni, humus concentrations are equivalent to those of C-horizon soil. For Cr, humus values are lower than those of C-horizon soil. In contrast, smelter-related elements, Cu, Pb, and Zn, have humus concentrations that are 1000's of ppm, and range within a variability of several 1000 ppm across the site. Humus geochemistry reflects non-uniform distribution of metal-rich smelter particulate, and indicates that site variability is an important factor in mapping the distribution of smelter particulate and in modeling deposition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".