A practical study on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) throughput
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The data rate of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is 1Mbps, and 2Mbps for BLE 4.2 and BLE 5, respectively. However, the throughput of a BLE system would be much lower since we need to account for various protocol overheads, adaptive RF connection adjustments for maintaining robust links amid interference, and protocol limitations based on BLE data exchange strategy and operations such as connection intervals, packet size and packet acknowledgment scheme. In this paper, we practically investigate the maximum throughput achievable in a simple BLE 4.2 network of two nodes, used in a data logging application. In this type of application, one node always has data to transmit and the other node which collects the transmitted sensor data does not have any data to send. We will also consider the effect of BLE parameters in this study. The result of our study shows that the maximum amount of throughput is 221.7 kbps for this application under the condition that the wireless link is error free and application always has data to transmit.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".