Regional distribution and mobility of copper and lead in soils near the Horne copper smelter at Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Regional sampling of the humus,B, andChorizons of glacial soils from 106 siteswithin a 100 km radius of the copper smelter at Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, has provided an extensive database on soil geochemistry and other physical properties both from sites within the area of metal contamination and from sites showing little anthropogenic enrichment. Using this database, the distribution and mobility of two smelter-derived trace metals, copper and lead, was examined with respect to parent material, soil horizon, and wind patterns for the area. Copper is the primary smelter product and is concentrated in local mineralized deposits.Lead is a smelter emissionwith lowconcentrations in the local bedrock and soils.Geochemical results indicate that both emitted metals are enriched in humus in the vicinity of the smelter and decrease in concentration with distance and that a higher percentage of emitted copper is retained in humus than lead. Sequential analyses of humus show that chemical phases in which the metals are retained vary depending on the element and distance from the smelter, but both copper and lead are retained primarily in the labile phase associated with soluble organic material at sites within 10 km. Leaching from humus into lower compartments of the soil horizon depends on parent material and distance from the smelter. At sites near the smelter, evidence supports metal retention in the B horizon of soils developed on glaciolacustrine sediment and metal migration downward through the C horizon for soils on diamicton.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".