How microwaves can help to study membrane ageing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper studies original protocols of rapid PES/PVP membrane NaOCl degradation allowing at reaching ageing states that are representative of industrial ageing. The long term objective is to propose basis for further fundamental studies aiming at the improvement of the impact of membrane ageing on behaviour in UF (fouling and cleaning mastering). The key of several protocols is the use of ageing acceleration thanks to microwave irradiation, either continuous or pulsed ones, that can be further associated (or not) with short ageing time in UF conditions. To evaluate the representativeness of obtained aged membranes, comparisons are achieved between pristine, voluntary laboratory aged membranes and an industrial membrane at the end of its service-life. Several physico-chemical analyses were used (ATR-FTIR, SEM-EDX, contact angle, SEC-HPLC). Evaluation of UF performances were made in UF of a model protein (Lysozyme, 14,300 g.mol−1). Finally, the proof of concept is done that conditions using MW exist to reach ageing state representative of industrial ageing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".