Isotropic volumetric behaviour of compacted unsaturated soils within specific volume, specific water volume, mean net stress (<i>v</i>, <i>v</i><sub>w</sub>, <i>p</i>) space
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A detailed description of the volumetric behaviour of compacted unsaturated soils is essential for modelling compacted soil behaviour. It is more complex than when the soil is saturated, as unsaturated soils exhibit a range of responses, such as yielding under loading, swelling and collapse under wetting, and shrinkage and cracking during drying. In unsaturated modelling, (v, s, p) or (v, s, p′) is commonly used as the state space to describe volumetric behaviour, where v (= 1 + void ratio, e) is the specific volume; s is the soil suction; and p and p′ are the mean net and mean effective or skeleton stress, respectively. An alternative approach is to use (v, vw, p) space to describe volumetric behaviour, where vw is specific water volume. In either case, coupled water retention behaviour is needed to describe the overall macroscopic process more completely by including the fourth state variable (vw or degree of saturation, Sr, for the former and s for the latter). Following from work undertaken under one-dimensional conditions, the current paper presents the volumetric behaviour of compacted kaolin in (v, vw, p) space. A series of state path tests comprising various loading, unloading, and (or) wetting paths with nondecreasing degrees of saturation was carried out. The results show that a state boundary surface that is also the virgin compaction surface depicting the loosest state of soil takes control of the volumetric behaviour in (v, vw, p) space, which can be used as a more practical approach to modelling compacted soil behaviour, especially for analysing major wetting events.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".