Integrating ecosystem services into environmental decision‐making
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Natural capital describes the stock of renewable and non-renewable natural resources available to society. From this flows ecosystem services, which are the societal benefits derived from natural capital. These highly influential ways of thinking about environmental management have been the subject of much debate among practitioners and academic ecologists. However, they have gained significant traction in key national environmental policy documents, including the Natural Environment White Paper and the 25 Year Environment Plan, policies in the devolved administrations, such as the Environment Wales Act (2016), and the establishment of the Natural Capital Committee. The UK is the first country (and still one of the few) to produce a national ecosystem assessment (UKNEA, 2011), in response to the global Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA, 2005). The original classification proposed in the MEA (of supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural services) has been extended by the hierarchical classification of the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES, 2018).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.013 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.012 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.008 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".