Three's Company - How American Law Can Recognize a Third Social Parent in Same-Sex Headed Families
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In light of recent American and Canadian case law granting legal parenting rights to three parents in same-sex headed families, this Article explores how the Uniform Parentage Act can be modified to accommodate multiple parenthood within this population subset. The author draws from Professor Nancy Dowd's scholarship on unbundling social and economic parenting rights to support social fatherhood. The author also analyzes existing methods by which same-sex couples may obtain parenting rights under American law and recent California precedents applying the Uniform Parentage Act to recognize two legal mothers. The Article proposes that Nancy Dowd's revisions to the Act, coupled with the author's proposals for further modifications, could allow for legal recognition of multiple parenthood and the separation of social parenting rights and economic support duties in a variety of family structures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".