Subsistence of copyright over CAD files in 3D printing: the Canadian, the U.S. and European outlook
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a manufacturing method in which materials, such as plastic or metal, are deposited on to one another in thin layers to produce a three-dimensional object. The process of 3D printing involves the preparation of a computer-assisted design (CAD) file, which may be derived from pictures or drawings, scanned from goods using a 3D scanner, or downloaded from websites. Such a file can easily be distributed, copied, modified, and then ‘printed’ by a printer device. As a core element of the 3D printing phenomenon, a number of questions arise over the CAD file, including the subsistence of copyright over CAD files to be used in 3D printing, i.e. whether copyright exists and applies to the work. This chapter discusses the subsistence of copyright over CAD in 3D printing files under Canadian, United States and European Union copyright laws.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.010 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".