Sea Ice Influences Habitat Type Use by Great Black-Backed Gulls (Larus marinus) in Coastal Newfoundland, Canada
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The influence of an unusual concentration of sea ice and breeding failure on the foraging movement patterns and habitat use of Great Black-backed Gulls (Larus marinus) was investigated. GPS loggers were deployed on three incubating females when multi-year sea ice moved into foraging ranges, dividing the tracking period (1–23 June 2017) into ice-free (5–10 days) and ice-present periods (11–12 days). Foraging trip parameters (e.g., distance, duration) differed among individuals but not with ice conditions. Great Black-backed Gulls decreased use of islands when ice was present (0.05 ± 0.08 locations/trip) relative to absent (5.9 ± 0.5 locations/trip), but increased use of marine habitat when ice was present (9.4 ± 0.2 locations/trip) relative to absent (2.9 ± 0.2 locations/trip). Great Black-backed Gulls also moved at higher speeds in areas of 91–100% ice cover relative to < 50% ice cover, suggesting that low percent cover sea ice acts as important at-sea foraging/roosting sites. Additionally, two Great Black-backed Gulls that were continuously tracked during post-breeding failure repeatedly visited the colony throughout July-August, suggesting some advantage to maintaining a presence at nest sites.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it