Hierarchical Attention-Based Anomaly Detection Model for Embedded Operating Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Real-time embedded system applications have become pervasive, and with the increasing reliance on automated systems for both critical and non-critical tasks, the trend is set to continue. This growing reliance on real-time embedded systems, as well as the rise in the complexity of these systems, demands an efficient monitoring tool that takes the complex interactions in the system into consideration. These systems are well-specified, and there exists standard error or fault detection mechanism to detect when an anomaly occurs in the applications controlling the operation. Nonetheless, these anomaly detection mechanisms gather information about the behavior of the software against its intended goals through the use of plausibility checks which rely on a priori knowledge of the application behavior. This kind of test raises two issues: (1) there should be a complete characterization of the software to derive the redundant information needed for plausibility checks, (2) this test focuses mainly on detecting errors/faults/anomalies in a single application with no regard to other entities in the integrated system. On the other hand, an embedded real-time system (fitted with an operating system) usually has the operating system and the integrated application statically linked to produce a single executable image. This bespoke nature of the embedded real-time system design means that the kernel traces reflect the behavior of the application and the associated hardware components at every point in time. Consequently, detecting deviations in the kernel trace invariably imply system-wide anomaly detection in the associated application and hardware. Thus, this paper targets anomaly not just in the application layer, but also in other layers that make up the real-time embedded system. Therefore, we introduce a hierarchical attention-based anomaly detection (HAbAD) model based on stacked Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Networks with Attention. It is a closed-world prediction-classification model which uses the reconstruction error from a non-parametric kernel density estimator to detect when an anomaly has occurred. We show the effectiveness of this approach using publicly available dataset, and the results confirm that this is a robust means of detecting anomalies in real-time embedded systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".