The Use of Subcostal Echocardiographic Views to Guide the Insertion of a Right Ventricular Temporary Transvenous Pacemaker—Description of the Technique
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The need for temporary cardiac pacing may occur in emergency and elective situations and may require transvenous right ventricular lead placement. The treatment of bradyarrhythmias presents the most common perioperative emergency indication. Intraoperatively, temporary rapid right ventricular pacing is accepted as a safe, titratable, and highly reliable method to achieve deliberate hypotension, and it has become a routine practice in the anesthetic management of cardiovascular interventions. The navigation of the lead into the right ventricle often requires fluoroscopy to guide placement and to confirm position. Ultrasound guidance has been accepted widely by perioperative physicians as a safe technique for central venous access. Basic ultrasound and transthoracic echocardiographic skills rapidly are becoming integral to anesthesiologists' practice. When used to guide transvenous pacemaker wire insertion, subcostal echocardiographic imaging offers attractive advantages over blind or fluoroscopic placement, including rapid deployment, avoidance of radiation, real-time visualization of the lead in relation to the cardiac structures, and early detection of potential complications, such as tamponade. Although several articles on echocardiographic guidance for transvenous pacing have been published in other acute care specialty fields in the last decade, this is the first description of the technique and of the recommended echocardiographic views in a perioperative context. In addition, a review of the current literature is presented, and the specific advantages and disadvantages of the approach are discussed in this article.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".