Persistent Romance: Landscape, Canadianness, and Kingston’s Cataraqui Cemetery, 1850–1900
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Beginning in the mid-19th century, garden cemeteries were founded across North America and Europe as a solution to the growing problem of overcrowded urban graveyards. Although the garden cemetery was a practical innovation in burial, these burial spaces also carried cultural meaning as symbols of modernity and progress. Using Canada’s first garden cemetery, Cataraqui Cemetery, in Kingston, Ontario, as a case study, this article situates Canadian cemetery design and development within broad transnational trends, such as the use of the picturesque in cemetery design and the commodification of burial, while assessing the place of the garden cemetery within the local context of industrialization, urbanization, and the emergence of nationalism in the post-Confederation period. By emphasizing that the garden cemetery movement emerged at a critical point of national and industrial development for Canada, this article provides an entry point for the examination of romantically derived modalities as the visual and cultural vernacular of Canadian nationalism in the late 19th century.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.029 | 0.019 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".