TOURISM AS A GLOBAL ECONOMY INDUSTRY: CURRENT STATE AND PERSPECTIVES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this article, author analyzes the aspects of tourism development as a global economy industry. It is shown that tourism is a fast-growing industry of global economy, and tourism industry is one of the greatest service industries. Article reflects role of tourism in formation of world GDP, world trade in non-commercial services, employment. Author reveals that there was a decrease in economic indicators of tourism activity in 2008–2009. In 2011–2013, indicators of tourism development exceeded pre-crisis level. Starting 2011, growth rate of arrivals is behind the growth rate of income from international tourist expenses. It is proven that income from international tourism has been concentrated in USA, Canada and group of European countries for a long time. But gradually Asian countries start taking positions at the international tourism market. Article shows that role of tourism in global economy will grow in prospect which will be accompanied with capital inflow, growth of indirect import and government expenses.. Key words: tourism, international tourism; tourism contribution to GDP; employment; export of commercial services.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".