Long-Range Surface Plasmon-Polariton Waveguide Biosensors for Human Cardiac Troponin I Detection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Straight long-range surface plasmon-polariton (LRSPP) waveguides as biosensors for label-free detection are discussed. The sensors consist of 5-μm-wide 35-nm-thick gold stripes embedded in a low-index optical-grade fluoropolymer (CYTOPTM) with fluidic channels etched to the Au surface of the stripes. This work demonstrates the application of the LRSPP biosensors for the detection of human cardiac troponin I (cTnI) protein. cTnI is a biological marker for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), often referred to as a heart attack, which can be diagnosed by elevated levels of cTnI in patient blood. Direct and sandwich assays were developed and demonstrated over the concentration range from 1 to 1000 ng/mL, yielding detection limits of 430 pg/mL for the direct assay and 28 pg/mL for the sandwich assay (1 standard deviation), the latter being physiologically relevant to the early detection or onset of AMI. In addition, a novel approach for data analysis is proposed, where the analyte response is normalized to the response of the antibody layer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".