(Invited) Isotopically Programmed Group IV Semiconductors: A Versatile Platform for Quantum Technologies

The introduction of stable isotopes as an additional degree of freedom in the growth of semiconductor films and quantum structures provides a wealth of opportunities to manipulate their basic properties, design an entirely new class of devices, and highlight subtle but important nanoscale and quantum phenomena. In this presentation, I will describe the historical context and outline the recent progress in the area of isotopically engineering group IV semiconductors with focus on nanoscale and quantum structures and devices. This ability to isotopically program semiconductor structures has been a powerful paradigm to investigate and manipulate some of the important physical properties of semiconductors and exploit them in innovative device structures [1-13]. Isotopes of an element differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. This creates differences between the isotopes in their lattice dynamics and nuclear properties. For instance, the slight difference in zero-point motion leads to a difference in atomic volume between the isotope atoms, which influences the lattice constant [3]. Also, the difference in electron-phonon coupling between crystals of different isotopic composition was found to affect the electronic band gap [4]. The nuclear spin is another significant difference between stable isotopes. For instance, natural silicon (Si) has three stable isotopes: 28Si, 29Si, and 30Si, with isotopic abundances of 92.23%, 4.67%, and 3.10%, respectively. Among these three isotopes, only 29Si has a nuclear spin of ½, whereas 28Si and 30Si are nuclear spin-free. This property has been crucial in the realization of Si-based quantum information devices [5-8]. One of the most drastic isotope related effect in semiconductors is found in phonon properties [9-13]. Mass fluctuation induced by isotope disorder acts as a substitutional defect in a crystal thus affecting the phonon mean free path and consequently the phononic thermal conductivity. Measurements on isotopically pure Ge [9] and Si [10] crystals showed an enhanced thermal conductivity as compared to their natural counterparts. Also, lower thermal conductivity was recently demonstrated in Si isotope superlattices [11]. All the properties of semiconductor stable isotopes have been investigated and exploited in bulk materials or thin films. Herein, we will describe the new opportunities emerging from the combinations of the isotope effects with size-related effects in nanoscale materials [14-18]. More specifically, we will discuss phonon engineering in metal catalyzed silicon nanowires with tailor-made isotopic compositions grown using isotopically enriched silane and german precursors 28SiH4, 29SiH4, 30SiH4, 74GeH4 and 76GeH4, with purity better than 99.9%. Isotopically mixed nanowires 28Six 30Si1-x with a composition close to the highest mass disorder (x ~ 0.5) were used as a playground to elucidate the interplay between nanoscale interface phenomena and heat transport [16]. We will show how isotopically engineered nanowire homo-junctions can be introduced to realize innovative phononic devices such as thermal diodes and thermal transistors. Additionally, we will also discuss the use of nuclear spin-full 29Si to engineer novel quantum devices in nuclear spin-free SiGe nanostructures. Finally, atomistic-level investigations of isotopically programmed nanoscale materials will be presented based on laser-assisted atom probe tomography [15,17]. References [1] M. Cardona et al., Rev. Moden Phys. 77, 1173 (2005). [2] E. E. Haller, MRS Bull. 31, 547 (2006). [3] M. Hu et al., M. Phys. Rev. B 67, 113306 (2003). [4] G. Davis et al., Semicond. Sci. Technol. 7, 1271 (1992). [5] A. M. Tyryshkin et al., Nat. Mater. 11, 143 (2012). [6] D. R. McCamey et al., Science 330, 1652 (2010). [7] S. Simmons et al., Nature 470, 69 (2011). [8] K. M. Itoh, Solid State Commun. 133, 747 (2005). [9] V. I. Ozhogin et al., J. Exp. Theor. Phys. Lett. 63, 490 (1996). [10] R. K. Kremer et al., J. Solid State Commun. 131, 499 (2004). [11] H. Bracht et al., New J. Phys. 16, 015021 (2014). [12] M. Nakajima et al., Phys. Rev. B 63, 161304 (2001). [13] D. Morelli et al., Phys. Rev. B 66, 195304 (2002). [14] O. Moutanabbir et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 026101 (2010) [15] O. Moutanabbir et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 013111 (2011). [16] S. Mukherjee et al., Nano Letters 15, 3885 (2015). [17] S. Mukherjee et al., Nano Letters 16, 1335 (2016). [18] S. Mukherjee et al., Nano Letters, under review (2018).

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