Anatoxin‐a adsorption by virgin and preloaded granular activated carbon
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Adsorption of the cyanotoxin anatoxin‐a (ANTX) in ultrapure water by five virgin and preloaded granular activated carbons (GACs) was examined using the bottle‐point technique; this article presents baseline adsorption data for ANTX not yet available in the literature. Of the virgin carbons, the two wood‐based carbons adsorbed ANTX more rapidly than the one coconut‐based or two coal‐based carbons. Virgin coal‐based carbons had the greatest equilibrium capacity (1.8–6.9 μg/mg at 1 μg/L aqueous ANTX) compared with their virgin coconut‐ and wood‐based counterparts (1.2 and 0.9–1.0 μg/mg, respectively). GAC preloading via exposure to surface water resulted in kinetic changes and reduced capacity. Preloaded coal‐based carbons adsorbed ANTX faster than the virgin equivalents. At environmentally relevant ANTX concentrations, coal‐based preloaded carbons retained higher equilibrium capacity (1.2 μg/mg) compared with coconut‐ and wood‐based carbons (1.0 and 0.6 μg/mg, respectively). Natural organic matter competition will affect adsorption performance and should be investigated.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it