Anatoxin‐a adsorption by virgin and preloaded granular activated carbon
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Adsorption of the cyanotoxin anatoxin‐a (ANTX) in ultrapure water by five virgin and preloaded granular activated carbons (GACs) was examined using the bottle‐point technique; this article presents baseline adsorption data for ANTX not yet available in the literature. Of the virgin carbons, the two wood‐based carbons adsorbed ANTX more rapidly than the one coconut‐based or two coal‐based carbons. Virgin coal‐based carbons had the greatest equilibrium capacity (1.8–6.9 μg/mg at 1 μg/L aqueous ANTX) compared with their virgin coconut‐ and wood‐based counterparts (1.2 and 0.9–1.0 μg/mg, respectively). GAC preloading via exposure to surface water resulted in kinetic changes and reduced capacity. Preloaded coal‐based carbons adsorbed ANTX faster than the virgin equivalents. At environmentally relevant ANTX concentrations, coal‐based preloaded carbons retained higher equilibrium capacity (1.2 μg/mg) compared with coconut‐ and wood‐based carbons (1.0 and 0.6 μg/mg, respectively). Natural organic matter competition will affect adsorption performance and should be investigated.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".