A molecular survey of <i>Ralfsia</i> sensu stricto (Ralfsiales, Phaeophyceae) in Canada uncovers three new species: <i>R</i>. <i>robertii</i> sp. nov., <i>R</i>. <i>tenebris</i> sp. nov., and <i>R</i>. <i>unimaculata</i> sp. nov.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Currently there are three species (i.e., traditional morphospecies) in Canada assigned to the genus Ralfsia sensu lato, which we establish is not monophyletic even after excluding “species” now known to apply to alternate stages in the life histories of non-ralfsialean species. These species include R. fungiformis (Gunnerus) Setchell & N.L.Gardner and R. pacifica Hollenberg in the Pacific, and R. fungiformis and R. verrucosa (J.E.Areschoug) J.E.Areschoug in the Atlantic. However, a DNA barcode survey of Ralfsiales in Canada using the markers COI-5P and rbcL-3P revealed five genetic groups assignable to Ralfsia sensu stricto (i.e., includes only species assigned to this genus based on phylogenetic analyses). Further complicating matters, of the three species listed previously as occurring in Canada only the type species R. fungiformis is assignable to Ralfsia sensu stricto. Ralfsia pacifica and R. verrucosa did not group with the generitype and thus are not assignable to Ralfsia sensu stricto; further, they did not group with the family Ralfsiaceae. They will be presented in a subsequent manuscript. The four other genetic groups in Canada assignable to Ralfsia sensu stricto are new species of which three are described here: Ralfsia robertii sp. nov., Ralfsia tenebris sp. nov., and Ralfsia unimaculata sp. nov. The fourth consisted of a single sterile specimen from Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, and was not characterized.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".