Hydrogeological terrains and typical settings of southern Ontario
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Groundwater is an important component of the hydrologic cycle of southern Ontario, which is significant to water supply and to groundwater discharge to surface water. To improve our understanding of groundwater, we develop a framework of typical terrains or hydrogeological settings that use geologic and topographic controls to describe how water moves through the southern Ontario landscape. Surface sediment and bedrock types, permeability, physiography and topographic gradients yield distinctive regional hydrogeological settings. Hence, we review a small number of hydrogeological settings, which contribute to a simple characterization of regional surface water and groundwater conditions across southern Ontario. Climate, stream and well monitoring data are integrated with local terrain information to assess the hydrological and hydrogeological response of typical settings. In each setting, the movement of water has differences in fluxes and temporal patterns as it flows across the surface and through the subsurface. We describe seven hydrogeological settings: five in sediment (clay, sand, till upland, till complex, and gravel); and two in bedrock. The selected hydrogeological settings characterize ~90% of all terrain at the regional scale based on a simplified geological map of southern Ontario. The identified settings cover large areas, and include several different sediment/ bedrock landscapes of the Paleozoic basin and Shield margin. It is expected that the main hydrogeological characteristics and hydrologic behaviour of these settings are represented in the hydrograph trends for each terrain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".