Direct and residual contact toxicity of insecticides to <i>Halyomorpha halys</i> (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a serious invasive pest of many agricultural and horticultural crops in Canada and the United States of America. To mitigate economic loss for growers, effective management options for H. halys are needed. We evaluated the efficacy of 12 insecticides (Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo-Crivelli) Vuillemin (Cordycipitaceae), boric acid, chlorpyrifos, clothianidin, flupryadifurone, λ-cyhalothrin, malathion, novaluron, sulfoxaflor, thiamethoxam, thiamethoxam + λ-cyhalothrin, and thiamethoxam + novaluron) currently used or with potential for H. halys management by determining their direct and residual contact toxicity to H. halys nymphs. Each insecticide was tested at its Canadian label rate and half and twice that rate. With the exception of chlorpyrifos, nymph mortality was low (< 40%) following direct or residual contact exposure to all insecticides and rates. All surviving nymphs were severely affected (i.e., knocked down) by direct and residual contact exposure to neonicotinoids, while approximately 66% of nymphs were severely affected following exposure to sulfloxaflor residues at label and twice label rate. However, few nymphs were severely affected by all other insecticides and rates. Overall, our results suggest that H. halys is not susceptible to many insecticides at current label rates for Canada. More research is needed to identify efficacious insecticides for H. halys.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".