Measurement Invariance of the Differentiation of Family System Scale for Koreans and Americans
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Differentiation in the Family System Scale (DIFS; Anderson & Sabatelli, 1992) is a popular scale used to assess emotional connectedness and separateness within the context of family-of-origin experiences. This current study contributes to the research on family patterns of interaction by assessing the measurement invariance of DIFS for Americans and Koreans. The results indicated that the factor structure and loadings of the DIFS were invariant across both samples; however, latent means should not be compared across two groups because strong invariance was not met. It implies that there may be bias when participants from different cultures respond to the particular items. The findings challenge the practice, often used by internationally based researchers, of using translated versions of scales developed for use with U.S. based samples/populations. The non-invariance of some items is discussed in terms of the linguistic and cultural differences that would influence responses to translated measurement for Koreans. This research emphasizes the need for culturally grounded measures that integrate cultural factors into the measurement of marriage and family constructs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".