The Ontario Geological Survey's groundwater initiative: highlights from the past two decades
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Earth Resources and Geoscience Mapping section of the Ontario Geological Survey (OGS) has a groundwater-focussed initiative as part of its core mapping function. The OGS groundwater initiative involves the collection, interpretation and dissemination of high-quality geoscience data to enhance characterization of the subsurface with three mapping activities; 3-D Paleozoic bedrock mapping, 3-D Quaternary sediment mapping, and ambient groundwater geochemistry mapping. Although the OGS has been collecting data that supports groundwater studies for over a century, these efforts were ramped up in the early 2000's following the Walkerton tragedy, with an enhanced OGS mandate adopted in 2007. The enhanced mandate emphasized the need for high quality geoscience data in 3-D. The OGS groundwater mapping initiative has generated new insights into groundwater quality, quantity and vulnerability and has supported water policy development in the province. Some examples include: supporting public health and the agricultural industry by identifying naturally occurring elements at levels above provincially mandated drinking water limits; helping several municipalities explore for new groundwater resources with a predictive geological framework, saving them millions of dollars; and providing essential geological and geochemical information to support the protection and management of municipal drinking water sources throughout Ontario. From a policy perspective, OGS geoscience data and knowledge have been integrated into recent government initiatives including: the potential growth of the Greenbelt in the outer ring of the Greater Golden Horseshoe; the development of Provincial Watershed Planning Guidance for municipalities; bedrock groundwater vulnerability/karst; and a research project to examine the capacity and constraints of water and wastewater systems in the Greater Golden Horseshoe. As we look to the future, the OGS aims to continue providing geoscience information that supports science-based groundwater management decisions and policy development for decades to come. Recognizing groundwater as one of the earth's resources deserving of dedicated geoscience mapping was an insightful move for the OGS in the 2000's, and one that will continue to benefit the people of Ontario for generations to come.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.018 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".