Contribution of Household Heating with Solid Fuels to Ambient Particulate Air Pollution (PM2.5)
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Incomplete combustion of solid fuels for household heating is a significant source of health-damaging fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and climate forcing black carbon, particularly in temperate areas during winter. With 3.2 million deaths per year attributable to ambient PM2.5 (APM2.5), a better understanding of the contribution of specific sources, including household heating, is needed. Recent work has shown that globally about 15% of APM2.5 emissions are due to household cooking with solid fuels; this proportion is much higher in some countries. No assessment has yet been made of the contribution of household heating to APM2.5 worldwide. Aims: We estimate the proportion of ambient APM2.5 attributable to residential wood and coal heating emissions in 1990-2010 in 176 countries. With these results, we then estimate ambient concentrations of PM2.5 attributable to household heating with solid fuels (PM2.5-heating). Methods: We use an energy supply-driven emissions model (GAINS) to calculate the fraction of household PM2.5 emissions from heating with solid fuels, by country. We apply this fraction to global estimates of average ambient population-weighted anthropogenic PM2.5 concentrations, calculated with source-receptor model TM5-FASST, to obtain the proportion of total APM2.5 from PM2.5-heating. Results: Initial analysis for 2010 indicates that emissions from household heating with solid fuels caused >5% of population-weighted APM2.5 in 80 countries (home to 3.2 billion people), including 20-26% of APM2.5 in 17 countries. In 52 countries, PM2.5-heating exceeded PM2.5 emissions from transportation. Conclusions: PM2.5-heating constitutes an important portion of APM2.5 pollution in many regions. Reducing emissions from household fuel combustion may have significant health advantages for populations far beyond those using solid fuels themselves. Efforts to improve ambient air quality will be hindered if incomplete combustion of solid fuels for household heating is not addressed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it