Daily Time-Use Patterns, Psychological Well-Being, and Family Socioeconomic Status of South Korean Adolescents: A Mixture Modeling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The current study sought to identify different types of South Korean adolescents’ time-use patterns across various daily activities, compare the levels of psychological well-being among the identified groups, and examine the association between daily time-use patterns and family socioeconomic status. By using the fifth wave of Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey, the data of 1,764 eighth grade students currently living in two-parent families were analyzed using a mixture modeling. The best fitting model revealed four types of time-use patterns: (1) Study Hard (2) No Hagwon, but Independent Studies (3) Only Hagwon, and (4) No study, Skewed toward Entertainment. Differences in the level of psychological well-being were found for different time-use types. Moreover, the probability of being included in each type varied according to family socioeconomic status. The results demonstrated the role of family socioeconomic status in adolescents’ time-use patterns and verified the differences in the level of psychological well-being according to how adolescents used their daily time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".