Higher Apolipoprotein C-III Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid are Associated with Slower Cognitive Decline in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Although a growing body of evidence shows an important role of apolipoproteins in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the association of apolipoprotein C-III (APOC-III) with cognitive decline is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether higher cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma APOC-III levels were associated with better cognitive performance over time in the early stage of AD. METHODS: Baseline CSF and plasma APOC-III levels were analyzed in relation to cross-sectionally and longitudinally cognitive performance over a 12-year period. Data were extracted from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database, and 234 subjects (89 subjects with normal cognition (NC) and 145 subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)) with CSF APOC-III measurements and 454 subjects (58 subjects with NC and 396 subjects with MCI) with plasma APOC-III measurements were included. RESULTS: In the cross-sectional study, we did not find a significant relationship between CSF APOC-III and cognitive performance in pooled individuals with MCI and NC. However, longitudinal analysis found that higher baseline CSF APOC-III was significantly associated with slower cognitive decline over a 12-year period in individuals with MCI, but not the healthy controls, after controlling for several covariates and Alzheimer biomarkers. Plasma APOC-III levels showed a mild correlation with CSF APOC-III levels, but were not associated with longitudinal cognitive changes in the pooled sample or in diagnosis-stratified analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Higher CSF APOC-III levels are significantly associated with slower cognitive decline over a 12-year period among individuals with MCI.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".