A charge-dependent phase transition determines interphase chromatin organization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract An emerging principle of cellular compartmentalization is that liquid unmixing results in formation of compartments by phase separation. We used electron spectroscopic Imaging (ESI), a transmission electron microscopy technology, to distinguish chromatin and nucleoplasmic phases of mammalian cell lines and their responses towards different environmental changes. We tested the hypothesis that charge-dependent phase separation mediated by the histone N-termini could explain the organization of chromatin. 3D images of nuclear chromatin with electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI) demonstrates that the amount of chromatin proximal to the interchromatin compartment (IC) differs between cell types, reflecting major differences in chromatin organization. These differences were lost when cells were treated overnight with a histone deacetylase inhibitor. We show that drastic, reversible changes in chromatin mixing or unmixing with the nucleoplasm/interchromatin space can be induced by modulating osmolarity of the medium or acetylation status of the chromatin. In vitro phase separation experiments demonstrated that chromatin separated from solution through a phase transition towards a more solid chromatin state.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".