Characterization and sources of dissolved and particulate phosphorus in 10 freshwater lakes with different trophic statuses in China by solution <sup>31</sup> P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Information on dissolved phosphorus (DP) and particulate phosphorus (PP) is essential to evaluate the P dynamics and control eutrophication. In this work, DP and PP in 10 freshwater lakes representing various trophic statuses were analyzed by solution 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results indicated that the predominant forms of DP and PP were orthophosphate (Ortho‐P) and monoester phosphate (Mono‐P). There was a greater concentration of Ortho‐P and Mono‐P in the water and particulate matter of medium‐eutriphic lakes than in lightly eutriphic or mesotrophic lakes. α‐Glycerophophate (2.7–32.5%), β‐glycerophosphate (1.3–23.4%), guanosine 2′Mono‐P (20.2–29.3%), inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) (8.3–36.4%) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) (17.3–35.9%) were identified as the major chemical forms of Mono‐P in water and particulate matter, which originate mainly from the degradation of labile diesters, aquatic/microbial sources and a combination of terrestrial and aquatic/microbial sources. Diester phosphate (Di‐P) was dominated by teichoic acid (0.5–14.8%) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (0.6–17.7%), which originated from aquatic/microbial sources. Moreover, correlation analysis showed that dissolved Mono‐P in water and particulate matter had a positive correlation with chlorophyll‐ a (Chl‐ a ), which indicated their potential bioavailability for algal activity. pH was a crucial parameter to control Di‐P, pyrophosphate (Pyro‐P) and polyphosphate (Poly‐P) in water. Mono‐P/PPs showed a positive correlation with Chl‐ a ( R 2 = 0.459), total phosphorus (TP) ( R 2 = 0.586) and the trophic status index ( R 2 = 0.588), which suggested that particulate Mono‐P can potentially contribute to lake eutrophication. Both Ortho‐P and Mono‐P were major contributors of P nutrients for algae, and therefore source control and new techniques are needed for reducing eutrophication.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it