Design Considerations for Image-Rejection Enhancement of Quadrature Mixers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this letter, the influences of local oscillator (LO) reflections of the in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) mixers and limited isolations between the I/Q LO ports on the image-rejection ratio (IRR) performances of quadrature mixers are investigated and analyzed for the first time. The analysis reveals that, in addition to generating well-balanced quadrature LO signals, a good LO impedance matching and/or high electrical isolation between the LO ports of the I and Q mixers are required to obtain a high IRR over a wide bandwidth. To verify the analysis, a quadrature mixer with carefully designed wideband LC-ladder matching networks for the I/Q LO ports is implemented in a 65-nm CMOS technology. Under 1-V supply voltage and 3-dBm LO power, the proposed quadrature mixer exhibits 3.3±1.5 dB conversion gain and better than 30-dBc IRR across the 20-25-GHz band.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".