A Continuous Monitoring for Neutral Grounding Resistors and Reactors With Hardware Validation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Neutral grounding devices (NGDs) are used to limit ground overcurrents, control transient overvoltages, and overcome the consequent issues. Intactness of these apparatuses is vital to prevent the risk of ungrounded or solidly grounded neutral. As such, they should be continuously monitored as targeted here. This paper proposes a continuous monitoring technique that supervises the NGD impedance obtained via full-range voltage and current measurement. It benefits from a new and cost-effective voltage metering mechanism specifically designed for the studied problem. Its performance has been validated using a fabricated prototype. In contrast to existing methods, the application of the proposed technique is not limited to a specific configuration, system operation mode, or NGD. Furthermore, monitoring is performed without signal injection. This monitoring technique shows reliable operation under various conditions of the system and grounding apparatuses based on the analysis performed using PSCAD in conjunction with MATLAB.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".