Ultrafast X-ray Photoelectron Imaging of Attosecond Electron Dynamics in Molecular Coherent Excitation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ultrafast photoelectron imaging allows to measure information about coherent electron dynamic processes in materials or chemical compounds on femtosecond to attosecond time scales. We show that molecular time-resolved photoelectron diffraction produced by a time-delayed soft X-ray attosecond pulse can be used to monitor the ultrafast coherent excitation induced by a resonant UV pump pulse with variable carrier-envelope phases. Asymmetric diffraction angular patterns illustrate coherent electron dynamics of charge migration with spatiotemporal resolution on the attosecond and ångström scale. This allows the temporal reconstruction of phases and amplitudes of electronic states and geometry of molecules as a function of time delay of the probe pulse and carrier-envelope phases of the pump pulse. Results are obtained from solutions of time-dependent Schrödinger equations of the hydrogen molecular ion, and analyzed by ultrafast photoelectron diffraction models for coherent superposition of electronic states. The present demonstration provides a guiding principle for monitoring ultrafast spatiotemporal coherent electron dynamics and imaging molecular electronic structure in complex systems by ultrafast pump-probe experiments and their dependence on carrier-envelope phases and time delays.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".