Copolymers containing carbohydrates and other biomolecules: design, synthesis and applications
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Glycopolymers are synthetic polymers containing pendant carbohydrate groups. Other biological compounds can be incorporated into glycopolymers to prepare both random and block copolymers aimed at bio-related applications: boronic acid can be introduced as a functional group to obtain crosslinked hydrogels; cholesterol and bile acids can be introduced to render the polymers more hydrophobic for the formation of micelles. Sugar-containing block copolymers with biocompatible blocks such as polypeptides, poly(ethylene glycol), poly(lactic acid) and poly(ε-caprolactone) were also prepared for potential application in drug carriers. These glycopolymers interact with lectins or lectin-containing surfaces as natural carbohydrate mimics. This review highlights the recent progress in the synthesis of random or block glycopolymers. Examples of the applications of glycopolymers in the separation and removal of toxins and bacteria, tumor cell recognition and glucose-responsive insulin delivery are presented and discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".