Development and Optimization of an Immobilized Photocatalytic System within a Stacked Frame Photoreactor (SFPR) Using Light Distribution and Fluid Mixing Simulation Coupled with Experimental Validation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recently, photocatalytic reactors have been designed with a view toward overcoming mass transfer limitations especially in systems with immobilized catalysts. This paper reports the design of a titanium “bladed” propeller with TiO 2 immobilized on the blades. To evaluate the propeller efficiency, modeling using COMSOL Multiphysics was validated experimentally using coumarin as a probe molecule allowing for OH radical quantification. Modeling of light distribution and catalyst irradiance at varying irradiation distance was performed using ray optics, which, alongside experimental work, showed that irradiation at 4 and 5 cm from the propeller yielded the highest irradiance (29.3 and 22.1 mW/cm 2 ) and OH radical concentrations (5.38 and 5.56 μM, respectively). Propeller rotation was modeled and compared against experimental data to assess mass transfer limitations at varying rotation speeds. This showed that 300 rpm provided the highest rate of coumarin degradation (0.32 μM/min) despite the model showing higher fluid velocities at 400 rpm.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".