Urea‐Based Fertilizer as an Efficient Nitrogen Source in Perennial Cool‐Grass Forage Production
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Core Ideas Annual forage grass yields with spring‐applied polymer‐coated urea, a blend of 50% polymer‐coated urea and 50% urea, and urea treated with a urease inhibitor (NBPT) were similar to those with calcium ammonium nitrate. Forage grass yields and N and nitrate concentrations were highest with NBPT‐treated urea in spring growth and with polymer‐coated urea in summer regrowth. Economic return was greatest with NBPT‐treated urea and a blend of 50% polymer‐coated urea and 50% urea. Urea‐N fertilizers are widely used in agriculture but the efficiency of different forms has yet to be quantified for cool‐season forage grasses grown in northern areas. In a study conducted in eastern Canada during three growing seasons (2014–2016), polymer‐coated controlled release urea (PCU), a blend of 50% PCU and 50% urea, and urea treated with an inhibitor of urease (Urea+NBPT) broadcast in early spring were compared with calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) broadcast in spring (60%) and after the first harvest (40%) on two timothy ( Phleum pratense L.) fields with contrasting soil textures (clay and loam). Fertilizers were added at rates of 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha −1 and compared with an N‐unfertilized control. The three urea‐based fertilizers resulted in similar annual forage dry matter (DM) yields than CAN on the two soil types but in different forage DM yield seasonal distribution. The highest DM yield in spring growth was achieved with PCU/Urea and Urea+NBPT, while DM yields were the lowest with PCU in spring growth but highest in summer regrowth. Annual forage DM yields increased with increasing N rates for all fertilizers in both soils. Concentrations of forage N, nitrates, and non‐protein fractions were highest in spring growth after the spring application of 200 kg N ha −1 as Urea+NBPT in both soils. The N sources did not affect forage digestibility and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentration. Economic return was the highest for Urea+NBPT and PCU/Urea. Therefore, these urea‐based fertilizers constitute valuable alternatives to CAN for grass‐based forages under eastern Canada conditions.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it