Reactor Design for Partial Upgrading of Bitumen via Aquaprocessing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Alberta oil industry is facing a major challenge because of the widening price differentials between West Texas Intermediate and Western Canadian Select. The Western Canadian Select is trading at low of US$ 16.71 /bbl. because of its high viscosity, density, total acid number, and sulfur content and lack of access to market outside North America. Under these circumstances, partial upgrading processes such as Aquaprocessing are envisioned as a potential solution. The synthetic crude oil produced from Aquaprocessing of bitumen requires 50 vol.% less diluents than the Athabasca bitumen to meet the pipeline specifications. This thesis is focused on evaluating the reactor design parameters required for scale-up of this technology. The kinetic parameters for hydrocracking reaction were calculated using first-order rate law expression for the packed bed reactor. Diffusivity of steam in bitumen, dimensionless numbers and hydrodynamic properties of the fluid inside the reactor were calculated using experimental and simulated data. The experimental results indicate that the effect of catalyst particle size depends on the catalyst preparation techniques. The steam diffusivity in bitumen was found to increase linearly with increase in reaction temperature. 0.05 psi/m pressure drop and 39 vol.% liquid holdups are predicted for the two-phase flow regime.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".