Radioembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Built-In Dosimetry: First <i>in vivo</i> Results with Uniformly-Sized, Biodegradable Microspheres Labeled with <sup>188</sup>Re
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A common form of treatment for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is transarterial radioembolization (TARE) with non-degradable glass or resin microspheres (MS) labeled with 90 Y ( 90 Y-MS).To further simplify the dosimetry calculations in the clinical setting, to have more control over the particle size and to change the permanent embolization to a temporary one, we developed uniformly-sized, biodegradable 188 Re-labeled MS ( 188 Re-MS) as a new and easily imageable TARE agent.Methods: MS made of poly(L-lactic acid) were produced in a flow focusing microchip.The MS were labeled with 188 Re using a customized kit.An orthotopic HCC animal model was developed in male Sprague Dawley rats by injecting N1-S1 cells directly into the liver using ultrasound guidance.A suspension of 188 Re-MS was administered via hepatic intra-arterial catheterization 2 weeks post-inoculation of the N1-S1 cells.The rats were imaged by SPECT 1, 24, 48, and 72 h post-radioembolization.Results: The spherical 188 Re-MS had a diameter of 41.8 ± 6.0 µm (CV = 14.5%).The site and the depth of the injection of N1-S1 cells were controlled by visualization of the liver in sonograms.Single 0.5 g tumors were grown in all rats.188 Re-MS accumulated in the liver with no deposition in the lungs.188 Re decays to stable 188 Os by emission of β ¯ particles with similar energy to those emitted by 90 Y while simultaneously emitting γ photons, which were imaged directly by single photon computed tomography (SPECT).Using Monte Carlo methods, the dose to the tumors was calculated to be 3-6 times larger than to the healthy liver tissue.Conclusions: 188 Re-MS have the potential to become the next generation of β ¯-emitting MS for TARE.Future work revolves around the investigation of the therapeutic potential of 188 Re-MS in a large-scale, long-term preclinical study as well as the evaluation of the clinical outcomes of using 188 Re-MS with different sizes, from 20 to 50 µm.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".